Exploring the Chemical Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Santolina rosmarinifolia Extracts.

In this study, the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous and 60% ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of Santolina rosmarinifolia leaf, flower, and root were examined. The antioxidant activity of S. rosmarinifolia extracts was determined by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts was monitored by the Griess assay. The chemical composition of S. rosmarinifolia extracts was analysed using the LC-MS technique. According to our findings, 60% EtOH leaf extracts showed the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values in both ABTS (8.39 ± 0.43 µM) and DPPH (6.71 ± 0.03 µM) antioxidant activity assays. The TPC values of the samples were in good correspondence with the antioxidant activity measurements and showed the highest gallic acid equivalent value (130.17 ± 0.01 µg/mL) in 60% EtOH leaf extracts. In addition, the 60% EtOH extracts of the leaves were revealed to possess the highest anti-inflammatory effect. The LC-MS analysis of S. rosmarinifolia extracts proved the presence of ascorbic acid, catalpol, chrysin, epigallocatechin, geraniol, isoquercitrin, and theanine, among others, for the first time. However, additional studies are needed to investigate the direct relationship between the chemical composition and physiological effects of the herb. The 60% EtOH extracts of S. rosmarinifolia leaves are potential new sources of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory molecules in the production of novel nutraceutical products.

Presence, variation, and potential ecological impact of microplastics in the largest shallow lake of Central Europe.

The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the global ecosystem has generated a rapidly growing concern worldwide. Although their presence in the marine environment has been well-studied, much less data are available on their abundance in freshwaters. MPs alone and in combination with different chemicals has been shown to cause acute and chronic effects on algae and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species at different biological levels. However, the combined ecotoxicological effects of MPs with different chemicals on aquatic organisms are still understudied in many species and the reported data are often controversial. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, the presence of MPs in Lake Balaton, which is the largest shallow lake of Central Europe and an important summer holiday destination. Moreover, we exposed neonates of the well-established ecotoxicological model organism Daphnia magna to different MPs (polystyrene [3 µm] or polyethylene [≤ 100 µm]) alone and in combination with three progestogen compounds (progesterone, drospirenone, levonorgestrel) at an environmentally relevant concentration (10 ng L-1) for 21 days. The presence of 7 polymer types of MPs in the size range of 50-100 µm was detected in Lake Balaton. Similarly to the global trends, polypropylene and polyethylene MPs were the most common types of polymer. The calculated polymer-independent average particle number was 5.5 particles m-3 (size range: 50 µm - 100 µm) which represents the values detected in other European lakes. Our ecotoxicological experiments confirmed that MPs and progestogens can affect D. magna at the behavioral (body size and reproduction) and biochemical (detoxification-related enzyme activity) levels. The joint effects were negligible. The presence of MPs may lead to reduced fitness in the aquatic biota in freshwaters such as Lake Balaton, however, the potential threat of MPs as vectors for progestogens may be limited.

Follicular Fluid Proteomic Analysis of Women Undergoing Assisted Reproduction Suggests That Apolipoprotein A1 Is a Potential Fertility Marker.

Infertility affects millions worldwide, posing a significant global health challenge. The proteomic analysis of follicular fluid provides a comprehensive view of the complex molecular landscape within ovarian follicles, offering valuable information on the factors influencing oocyte development and on the overall reproductive health. The follicular fluid is derived from the plasma and contains various proteins that can have different roles in oocyte health and infertility, and this fluid is a critical microenvironment for the developing oocytes as well. Using the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, we investigated the protein composition of the follicular fluid, and after classification, we carried out relative quantification of the identified proteins in the pregnant (P) and non-pregnant (NP) groups. Based on the protein-protein interaction analysis, albumin and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) were found to be hub proteins, and the quantitative comparison of the P and NP groups resulted in a significantly lower concentration of ApoA1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the P group. As both molecules are involved in the cholesterol transport, we also investigated their role in the development of oocytes and in the prediction of fertility.

Studies on a widely-recognized snail model species (Lymnaea stagnalis) provide further evidence that vertebrate steroids do not have a hormonal role in the reproduction of mollusks.

Experiments were carried out to determine whether, as with other mollusks that have been studied, the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can absorb, esterify and store vertebrate steroids that are present in the water. We also carried out experiments to determine whether neural tissues of the snail could be immunohistochemically stained with an antibody to human aromatase (a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone [T] to 17ß-estradiol [E2]); and, if so, to determine the significance of such staining. Previous studies on other mollusks have reported such staining and have proposed this as decisive evidence that mollusks have the same steroid synthesis pathway as vertebrates. We found that snails absorb, esterify and retain esterified T, E2, progesterone and ethinyl-estradiol (albeit with an absorption rate about four times slower, on a weight basis, than the mussel, Mytilus edulis). We also found that not only anti-human aromatase, but also anti-human nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) and anti-human gonadotropin-releasing hormone antibodies immunohistochemically stained snail neural cells. However, further experiments, involving gel electrophoretic separation, followed by immunostaining, of proteins extracted from the neural tissue, found at least two positively-stained bands for each antibody, none of which had masses matching the human proteins to which the antibodies had been raised. The anti-aromatase antibody even stained the 140 kDA ladder protein used as a molecular weight marker on the gels. Mass spectrometric analysis of the bands did not find any peptide sequences that corresponded to the human proteins. Our findings confirm that the presence of vertebrate-like sex steroids in molluscan tissues is not necessarily evidence of endogenous origin. The results also show that immunohistochemical studies using antibodies against human proteins are grossly non-specific and likely to have little or no value in studying steroid synthesis or activity in mollusks. Our conclusions are consistent with the fact that genes for aromatase and nPR have not been found in the genome of the snail or of any other mollusk. Our overarching conclusion, from this and our previous studies, is that the endocrinology of mollusks is not the same as that of humans or any other vertebrates and that continuing to carry out physiological and ecotoxicological studies on mollusks on the basis of this false assumption, is an unconscionable waste of resources.

Correlations between Total Antioxidant Capacity, Polyphenol and Fatty Acid Content of Native Grape Seed and Pomace of Four Different Grape Varieties in Hungary.

Grape pomace is a valuable source of various bioactive compounds such as plant-derived polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The commercial demand of grape skin and seed powders as nutraceuticals is still growing. However, no distinction is currently made between unfermented native grape seed and grape seed pomace powders regarding their antioxidant activities. Our aim was to find the relationship between the polyphenol and fatty acid content as well as the antioxidant capacity of native and fermented grape seeds of four different grape varieties harvested in the Villány wine region. According to our results, none of the three investigated polyphenols (resveratrol, rutin, quercetin) could be detected in native grape seed samples in correlation with their significantly lower total antioxidant capacities compared to fermented seed samples. Pinot Noir (PN) grape seed pomace samples with the highest resveratrol and oil content showed significantly higher total antioxidant capacity than Cabernet Sauvignon (CS), Syrah (S) and Blue Portugal (BP) samples. Based on the statistical analysis, positive correlation was found between the fatty acid content and the resveratrol concentration in the pomace samples of different grape varieties. In contrast, rutin concentrations were negatively proportional to the fatty acid content of the fermented samples. No significant correlation was found considering the quercetin content of the samples. According to our findings, grape pomace seems a more promising source in the production of nutraceuticals, since it contains polyphenols in higher concentration and exerts significantly higher antioxidant activity than native grape seeds.

Effects of chronic sublethal progestogen exposure on development, reproduction, and detoxification system of water flea, Daphnia magna.

The presence of sex steroid hormones in aquatic ecosystems is of rapidly growing concern worldwide since they can affect the different non-target species including cladocerans. Although data are available on the effects of estrogens on the well-established ecotoxicological model organism Daphnia magna, the molecular or behavioural alterations induced by environmentally relevant concentrations (from a few ng L-1 to a few hundred ng L-1 in average) of progestogens have not been investigated on this species. In the present study, we exposed neonates of D. magna to relevant equi-concentrations (1, 10, 100, 500 ng L-1) of mixtures of four progestogens (progesterone, drospirenone, gestodene, levonorgestrel) in short-term (6 days) and long-term (21 days) experiments. Significant alterations were observed at the molecular, cellular, and individual levels. During the short-term exposure, all of the mixtures increased the gene expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) detoxification enzyme, moreover, the activity of GST was also significantly increased at the concentrations of 10, 100, and 500 ng L-1. In long-term exposure, the number of days until production of the first eggs was reduced at the 10 ng L-1 concentration compared to control, furthermore, the maximum egg number per individual increased at the concentrations of 1 and 10 ng L-1. Based on the authors' best knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of progestogens in mixtures and at environmentally relevant concentrations on D. magna. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the possible physiological effects of human progestogens. Future research should be aimed at understanding the potential mechanisms (e.g., perception) underlying the changes induced by progestogens.

Alterations of Nigral Dopamine Levels in Parkinson's Disease after Environmental Enrichment and PACAP Treatment in Aging Rats.

The neuroprotective effects of environmental enrichment and PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) are well-described in Parkinson's disease. The aim of our study is to investigate the beneficial effects of these factors in aging parkinsonian rats. Newborn Wistar rats were divided into standard and enriched groups according to their environmental conditions. Standard animals were raised under regular conditions. During the first five postnatal weeks, enriched pups were placed in larger cages with different objects. Aging animals received (1) saline, (2) 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA), or (3) 6-OHDA + PACAP injections into the left substantia nigra (s.n.). On the seventh postoperative day, the left and right s.n. were collected. The s.n. of young and aging unoperated animals were also examined in our experiment. We determined the dopamine (DA) levels by the HPLC-MS technique, while the sandwich ELISA method was used to measure the Parkinson disease protein 7 (PARK7) protein levels. In healthy animals, we found an age-related decrease of DA levels. In aging parkinsonian-enriched rats, the operation did not result in a significant DA loss. PACAP treatment could prevent the DA loss in both the standard and enriched groups. All injured PACAP-treated rats showed remarkably higher protective PARK7 levels. The protective effect of PACAP correlated with the increase of the DA and PARK7 levels.

Chemical-neuroanatomical organization of peripheral sensory-efferent systems in the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis).

Perception and processing of chemical cues are crucial for aquatic gastropods, for proper elaboration of adaptive behavior. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is a model species of invertebrate neurobiology, in which peripheral sensory neurons with different morphology and transmitter content have partly been described, but we have little knowledge regarding their functional morphological organization, including their possible peripheral intercellular connections and networks. Therefore the aim of our study was to characterize the sensory system of the tentacles and the lip, as primary sensory regions, and the anterior foot of Lymnaea with special attention to the transmitter content of the sensory neurons, and their relationship to extrinsic elements of the central nervous system. Numerous bipolar sensory cells were demonstrated in the epithelial layer of the peripheral organs, displaying immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against tyrosine hydroxylase, histamine, glutamate and two molluscan type oligopeptides, FMRFamide and Mytilus inhibitory peptide. A subepithelial plexus was formed by extrinsic serotonin and FMRFamide immunoreactive fibers, whereas in deeper regions axon processess of different origin with various immunoreactivities formed networks, too. HPLC-MS assay confirmed the presence of the low molecular weight signal molecules in the three examined areas. Following double-labeling immunohistochemistry, close arrangements were observed, formed by sensory neurons and extrinsic serotonergic (and FMRFamidergic) fibers at axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and axo-axonic levels. Our results suggest the involvement of a much wider repertoire of signal molecules in peripheral sensory processes of Lymnaea, which can locally be modified by central input, hence influencing directly the responses to environmental cues.

Lipid and protein tumor markers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma identified by imaging mass spectrometry.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. To improve pre- and post-operative diagnosis and prognosis novel molecular markers are desirable. Here we used MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to seek tumor specific expression of proteins and lipids in HNSCC samples. Among low molecular weight proteins visualized, S100A8 and S100A9 were found to be expressed in the regions of tumor tissue but not in the surrounding healthy stroma of a post-operative microdissected tissue. Marker potential of S100A8 and S100A9 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded pathological samples. Imaging lipids showed a remarkable depletion of lysophosphatidylcholine species LPC[16:0], LPC[18:2] and, in parallel, accumulation of major glycerophospholipid species PE-P[36:4], PC[32:1], PC[34:1] in neoplastic areas. This was confirmed by shotgun lipidomics of dissected healthy and tumor tissue sections. A combination of the negative (LPC[16:0]) and positive (PC[32:1], PC[34:1]) markers was also applicable to uncover tumorous character of a pre-operative biopsy. Furthermore, marker potential of lysophospholipids was supported by elevated expression levels of the lysophospholipid degrading enzyme lysophospholipase A1 (LYPLA1) in the tumor regions of paraffin-embedded HNSCC samples. Finally, experimental evidence of 3D cell spheroid tests showed that LPC[16:0] facilitates HNSCC invasion, implying that HNSCC progression in vivo may be dependent on lysophospholipid supply. Altogether, a series of novel proteins and lipid species were identified by IMS and IHC screening, which may serve as potential molecular markers for tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and may pave the way to better understand HNSCC pathophyisiology.

Proteomic changes during experimental de- and remyelination in the corpus callosum.

BACKGROUND: In the cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis, de- and remyelination can be studied without major interference from the adaptive immune responses. Since previous proteomic studies did not focus on the corpus callosum, where cuprizone causes the most pronounced demyelination, we performed a bottom up proteomic analysis on this brain region. METHODS: Eight week-old mice treated with 0.2% cuprizone, for 4 weeks and controls (C) were sacrificed after termination of the treatment (4wD), and 2 (2dR) or 14 (2wR) days later. Homogenates of dissected corpus callosum were analysed by quantitative proteomics. For data processing, clustering, gene ontology analysis, and regulatory network prediction, we used Perseus, PANTHER and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis softwares, respectively. RESULTS: We identified 4886 unmodified, single- or multi phosphorylated and/or gycosylated (PTM) proteins. Out of them, 191 proteins were differentially regulated in at least one experimental group. We found 57 proteins specific for demyelination, 27 for early- and 57 for late remyelinationwhile 36 proteins were affected in two, and 23 proteins in all three groups. Phosphorylation represented 92% of the post translational modifications among differentially regulated modified (PTM) proteins with decreased level, while it was only 30% of the PTM proteins with increased level. Gene ontology analysis could not classify the demyelination specific proteins into any biological process category, while allocated the remyelination specific ones to nervous system development and myelination as the most specific subcategory. We also identified a protein network in experimental remyelination, and the gene orthologues of the network were differentially expressed in remyelinating multiple sclerosis brain lesions consistent with an early remyelination pattern. CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis seems more informative for remyelination than demyelination in the cuprizone model.

The effect of light exposure on the cleavage rate and implantation capacity of preimplantation murine embryos.

During assisted reproduction the embryos are subjected to light. We investigated the relationship between light exposure and the developmental- and implantation capacity of mouse embryos. In vitro cultured embryos were exposed to white or red filtered light, then transferred to the uteri of pseudo-pregnant females. The mice were sacrificed on day 8.5 and implantation sites were counted. The number of nucleic acid containing (PI+) extracellular vesicles (EVs) in culture media of light-exposed and control embryos, as well as, the effect of the EVs on IL-10 production of CD8+ spleen cells was determined by flow cytometry. DNA fragmentation in control and light exposed embryos was detected in a TUNEL assay. The effect of light on the expression of apoptosis-related molecules was assessed in an apoptosis array. Light exposure significantly reduced the implantation capacity of the embryos. The harmful effect was related to the wavelength, rather than to the brightness of the light. Culture media of light exposed groups contained significantly higher number of PI + EVs than those of the control embryos, and failed to induce IL-10 production of spleen cells. The number of nuclei with fragmented DNA, was significantly higher in embryos treated with white light, than in the other two groups. In conclusion exposure to white light impairs the implantation potential of in vitro cultured mouse embryos. These effects are partly corrected by using a red filter. Since there is no information on the light sensitivity of human embryos, embryo manipulation during IVF and ICSI should be performed with caution.

Mass spectrometric identification of ancient proteins as potential molecular biomarkers for a 2000-year-old osteogenic sarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone usually occurring in young adolescent and children. This disease has a poor prognosis, because of the metastases in the period of tumor progression, which are usually developed previous to the clinical diagnosis. In this paper, a 2000-year-old ancient bone remain with osteogenic sarcoma was analyzed searching for tumor biomarkers which are closely related to this disease. After a specific extraction SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis followed by tryptic digestion was performed. After the digestion the samples were measured using MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Healthy bone samples from same archaeological site were used as control samples. Our results show that in the pathological skeletal remain several well known tumor biomarkers are detected such as annexin A10, BCL-2-like protein, calgizzarin, rho GTPase-activating protein 7, HSP beta-6 protein, transferrin and vimentin compared to the control samples. The identified protein biomarkers can be useful in the discovery of malignant bone lesions such as osteosarcoma in the very early stage of the disease from paleoanthropological remains.

Salivary proteomic analysis of diabetic patients for possible oral squamous cell carcinoma biomarkers.

Since oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most important causes of death worldwide, the prevention and early detection plays a crucial role. Recent epidemiological studies have incriminated diabetes as a risk factor for the development of OSCC, as well as oral premalignant lesions. As for the last 20 years diabetes and oral squamous cell carcinoma rates have been increasing rapidly, therefore a reliable detection method of major saliva proteins as possible biomarkers for OSCC is of key priority. In this study we collected whole saliva samples from patients with diabetes and from healthy subjects. To reduce the risk of failure and to keep the investigation good reproducible, we proposed an examination and saliva collecting technique. The proteins were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Our findings show that the expression of Annexin A8, Peroxiredoxin-2 and Tyrosine kinase is elevated by patients having diabetes. All these proteins have been previously described in cancer saliva samples also in OSCC. Our current findings showed that testing saliva may be an effective and reliable method for detecting oral cancer in early stages.

Preparation and investigation of LC packing made by microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis.

The preparation of the so-called bonded phase liquid chromatographic packings is usually carried out by heating the silica, the silane, a catalyst, or a scavenger in an appropriate solvent (often toluene.) Due to the longtime of boiling, the procedure is time and energy consuming, and solvent intensive. The goal of this work is to present a simple, environment-friendly preparation method with reduced solvent consumption to synthetize RP liquid chromatographic stationary phases. The effects of reaction conditions (amount of reagents, composition of the reagent, microwave energy, reaction time, reproducibility of the synthesis) are discussed. Pore structure, surface coverage, the change of the pore structure and surface coverage upon reaction are demonstrated, the efficiency of the column (van Deemter plot for different solutes) is presented. A variety of applications (aromatic hydrocarbons, halobenzenes, bioactive peptides, resveratrol from red wine) demonstrates the separation power of the new phase.

Novel dating method to distinguish between forensic and archeological human skeletal remains by bone mineralization indexes.

The fast, high-throughput distinction between paleoanthropological remains and recent forensic/clinical bone samples is of vital importance in the field of medicolegal science. In this paper, a novel screening method has been described, using the crystallinity index (C.I.) and carbonate-phosphate index (C/P) as a means to distinguish between archeological and forensic anthropological skeletal findings. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, the archeological bone samples are characterized by a range of C.I. between 2.84 and 3.78 and by low C/P values of 0.10-0.33, while the C.I. and C/P ranges of forensic skeletal remains are 2.55-3.18 and 0.38-0.88, respectively. Significant (p < 0.05) changes were observed in C/P as well as C.I. values between the groups of forensic and archeological skeletal samples. The suggested dating method needs only a few milligramms of bone tissue; thus, it can be extremely useful for distiguishing ancient and recent bone fragments.

[Removable partial denture design and its effect on remaining teeth, based on Hungarian national survey]. / Részleges lemezes fogpótlások jellemzôi és hatásuk a maradékfogazatra, két szûrôvizsgálat összehasonlított eredményei alapján.

Removable partial dentures (RPD) are used to restore Class 2A, 2B, 2A/1, and Class 3 type partially edentulous arches. Calibrated dentists of the Department of Prosthodontics performed oral health survey first in 1985-1989 and a second survey in 2003-2004. The oral surveys were carried out at the lung cancer screening stations, after obtaining formal consent of those individuals who were originally referred to perform x-ray lung screening examination. Subjects were interviewed and clinically examined under artificial lighting conditions. In the "second" survey data collected on 765 RPDs were analysed. Examined aspects of RPD design were: the protection of the marginal periodontium, extension of major connectors, base plate materials, tooth and tissue support. The level of restoration related damage on the remaining teeth was estimated according to whether remaining teeth were used for retention or for support; had any other type of denture-contact or remaining teeth were free from contact with denture. Approximately 50% of dentures showed dento-mucosal or muco-dental support; metal base was present in 45-48% of dentures; 47% of major connectors were designed with reduced extension; freedom of gingival margin was assured in 43-45% of the dentures. 26.10% of reference teeth; 19.11% of the remaining teeth used for support; 31.53% of the teeth used for retention; 28.07% of the teeth free from contact with denture and 38.00% of those remaining teeth with any other type of denture contact showed a sign of damage. Findings of the authors' survey show a considerable improvement in all aspects of RPD design--but still further progression is required. Those principles of RPD design taught in dental schools can only gradually influence the routine daily dental practice. Assessment of remaining teeth damages confirm the standards we outlined for RPD design with the main priorities of dental support and the protection of the gingival margin.

[Dietary supplementation of obese children with 1000 mg alpha-linolenic acid per day: a placebo-controlled double blind study]. / Elhízott gyermekek étrendjének kiegészítése napi 1000 mg alfa-linolénsavval. Placebóval kontrollált, kettosen vakvizsgálat.

INTRODUCTION: Enhanced dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids may benefit persons with increased cardiovascular risk, among them obese subjects. Incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into the plasma lipids is a prerequisite to achieve the favorable effects; however, only very few data are available on the dose of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in children. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of the consumption of a diet supplemented with 1000 mg alpha-linolenic acid daily on plasma lipids in obese children. METHODS: In this two times six-week-long, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 9 obese children (age: 13.1 [2.5] years, body mass index: 31.2 [6.2] kg/m 2 ), median [IQR]) incorporated into their diet one egg and one meatball (50 g) per day from hens fed diets containing flaxseed oil, i.e. supplementary dietary intake of 1000 mg alpha-linolenic acid per day was provided. The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was determined by high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Tendencies of increase were observed in the alpha-linolenic acid content of plasma lipids in the phospholipid, triacyl-glycerine and sterol-ester fractions after the supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid. In the non-esterified fatty acid fraction, the values of alpha-linolenic acid were significantly higher after the supplementation (0.11 [0.08] versus 0.14 [0.20], % weight/weight, p < 0.05), indicating the beginning of the accumulation of alpha-linolenic acid in plasma lipids. CONCLUSION: In obese children a six-week-long supplementation of the diet with 1000 mg alpha-linolenic acid per day increased significantly the contribution of omega-3 fatty acids only to the non-esterified fatty acids of plasma lipids, but had no significant effect on the esterified fractions. Increase of the dose of supplementation may be needed to influence omega-3 fatty acid status in obese children.

[The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in Hungary]. / Szájnyálkahártya-elváltozások elofordulási gyakorisága Magyarországon.

The aim of the survey was to recognize the lesions of the oral mucosa (any alterations from healthy normal tissues) related to gender, age, intraoral localization, geographic regions, according to smoking habits and dental surgery attendance, based on the data of "Epidemiological national survey on oral health 2003-2004.". In the nationwide survey 4606 people (2923 women, 1683 men) participated. Oral mucosal lesions registered in 10.14 and 9.41% in males and females (respectively). The highest prevalence of mucosal lesions occurred in 45-64 year old age group. The highest number of the oral lesions was found in the buccal mucosa in males (42%). In females the most of the lesions are registered on the hard palate (24%) and on the buccal mucosa (24%). By geographic regions the highest prevalence of oral mucosal lesions occurred in "Közép-Dunántúl" statistical region, and the lowest prevalence was found in "Dél-Dunántúl". Statistically significant correlation could be shown between prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and smoking habits (p < or = 0.05) and there was a significant correlation between the frequency of dental surgery attendance and the prevalence of mucosal lesions in the examined population. The data of this epidemiological study could serve a good base for planning of preventive programs in different populations in the future.

[CE-marking in the dental profession]. / A CE jelzés a fogorvoslásban.

In the present article the authors summarise the meaning and mechanism of CE-marking in the EU in general and its significance in the dental profession. Their goal was to increase the awareness of Hungarian dental professionals to issues of quality management in the European Union.

[Neurologic complications of aortic dissection]. / Az aortadissectio neurológiai szövódményei.

INTRODUCTION: Beside the damages of the cardiovascular system the lesions of the the nervous system are the most common complications of aortic dissection. This is usually an early event, therefore the dissection of the aorta may manifest itself as an acute primary neurologic disease. The aim of this study is to describe the frequency and distribution of acute neurologic symptoms occurring in aortic dissection and the distribution of their clinico-pathologic features and to establish correlations between these and the acute in-hospital mortality as well as to discuss available diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was based of 95 cases of acute dissection of aorta (with additional three later events of redissection), observed in a longitudinal study over a period of 29.5 years, in a population of 106,000 (in Western Hungary). RESULTS: Of the 95 patients 20 (21%) died before admission. Neurological complications were observed in 30 of the 75 patients admitted to hospital (40%). Symptoms involving the central nervous system were found in 24 patients, affecting the spinal cord in two and the peripheral nervous system in four cases. The dissection of the aorta was diagnosed in vivo only in 22 out of the 75 patients who died in hospital (29%). 53 patients (71%) without correct diagnosis received supportive therapy only. The average survival time of the 21 patients with proximal dissection of aorta was 48.5 hours. The survival time of 23 patients with the same type of dissection involving the vessels of the aortic arch was 22.2 hours. This difference in survival time was significant (p = 0.0152). 20 of 23 patients (87%) in this group showed signs of neurologic damage confirming earlier experience that neurological complications can seriously worsen the otherwise already catastrophic prognosis of aortic dissection. CONCLUSIONS: The study brought compelling evidence for the need for early diagnosis and rapid transfer of patients to appropriate cardiac surgery centers for definitive diagnosis and therapy.